The NDK supports multiple C++ runtime libraries. This document providesinformation about these libraries, the tradeoffs involved, and how to use them.

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C++ Runtime Libraries

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Table 1. NDK C++ Runtimes and Features.

libc++ is available as both a static and shared library.

libc++

LLVM's libc++ is the C++ standard library that hasbeen used by the Android OS since Lollipop, and as of NDK r18 is the only STLavailable in the NDK.

The shared library for libc++ is libc++_shared.so, and the staticlibrary is libc++_static.a.

libc++ is dual-licensed under both the University of Illinois 'BSD-Like'license and the MIT license. For more information, see thelicense file.

system

The system runtime refers to /system/lib/libstdc++.so. This library should notbe confused with GNU's full-featured libstdc++. On Android, libstdc++ is justnew and delete. Use libc++ for a full-featured C++ standard library.

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The system C++ runtime provides support for the basic C++ Runtime ABI.Essentially, this library provides new and delete. In contrast to the otheroptions available in the NDK, there is no support for exception handling orRTTI.

There is no standard library support aside from the C++ wrappers for the Clibrary headers such as <cstdio>. If you want an STL, you should use one ofthe other options presented on this page.

none

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There is also the option to have no STL. There are no linking or licensingrequirements in that case. No C++ standard headers are available.

Selecting a C++ Runtime

If you are using CMake, you can specify a runtime from Table 1 with theANDROID_STL variable in your module-level build.gradle file. To learn more,see Using CMake Variables.

If you are using ndk-build, you can specify a runtime from Table 1 with theAPP_STL variable in your Application.mk file. For example:

You may only select one runtime for your app, and can only do inApplication.mk.

When using a Standalone Toolchain, thetoolchain will use the shared STL by default. To use the static variant, add-static-libstdc++ to your linker flags.

Important Considerations

Static runtimes

If all of your application's native code is contained in a single sharedlibrary, we recommend using the static runtime. This allows the linker toinline and prune as much unused code as possible, leading to the most optimizedand smallest application possible. It also avoids PackageManager and dynamiclinker bugs in old versions of Android that make handling multiple sharedlibraries difficult and error-prone.

That said, in C++, it is not safe to define more than one copy of the samefunction or object in a single program. This is one aspect of theOne Definition Rule present in the C++ standard.

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When using a static runtime (and static libraries in general), it is easy toaccidentally break this rule. For example, the following application breaks thisrule:

In this situation, the STL, including and global data and static constructors,will be present in both libraries. The runtime behavior of this application isundefined, and in practice crashes are very common. Other possible issuesinclude:

• Memory allocated in one library, and freed in the other, causing memoryleakage or heap corruption.
• Exceptions raised in libfoo.so going uncaught in libbar.so, causing yourapp to crash.
• Buffering of std::cout not working properly.

Beyond the behavioral issues involved, linking the static runtime into multiplelibraries will duplicate the code in each shared library, increasing the size ofyour application.

In general, you can only use a static variant of the C++ runtime if you have oneand only one shared library in your application.

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Shared runtimes

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If your application includes multiple shared libraries, you should uselibc++_shared.so.

On Android, the libc++ used by the NDK is not part of the OS. This gives NDKusers access to the latest libc++ features and bug fixes even when targetingold versions of Android. The trade-off is that if you use libc++_shared.so,you must include it in your APK. If you're building your application with Gradlethis is handled automatically.

Old versions of Android had bugs in PackageManager and the dynamic linkerthat caused installation, update, and loading of native libraries to beunreliable. In particular, if your app targets a version of Android earlierthan Android 4.3 (Android API level 18), and you use libc++_shared.so, youmust load the shared library before any other library that depends on it.

The ReLinker project offersworkarounds for all known native library loading problems, and is usuallya better choice than writing your own workarounds.

One STL Per App

Historically the NDK supported GNU libstdc++ and STLport in addition to libc++.If your application depends on prebuilt libaries that were built against an NDKdifferent than the one used to build your application, you will need to ensurethat it does so in a compatible manner.

An application should not use more than one C++ runtime. The various STLs arenot compatible with one another. As an example, the layout of std::stringin libc++ is not the same as it is in gnustl. Code written against one STL willnot be able to use objects written against another. This is just one example;the incompatibilities are numerous.

This rule extends beyond your code. All of your dependencies must use the sameSTL that you have selected. If you depend on a closed source third-partydependency that uses the STL and does not provide a library per STL, you do nothave a choice in STL. You must use the same STL as your dependency.

It is possible that you will depend on two mutually incompatible libraries. Inthis situation the only solutions are to drop one of the dependencies or ask themaintainer to provide a library built against the other STL.

C++ Exceptions

C++ exceptions are supported by libc++, but they are disabled by default inndk-build. This is because historically C++ exceptions were not available in theNDK. CMake and standalone toolchains have C++ exceptions enabled by default.

To enable exceptions across your whole application in ndk-build, add thefollowing line to your Application.mk file:

To enable exceptions for a single ndk-build module, add the following line tothe given module in its Android.mk:

Alternatively, you can use:

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RTTI

As with exceptions, RTTI is supported by libc++, but is disabled by default inndk-build. CMake and standalone toolchains have RTTI enabled by default.

To enable RTTI across your whole application in ndk-build, add the followingline to your Application.mk file:

To enable RTTI for a single ndk-build module, add the following line to thegiven module in its Android.mk:

Alternatively, you can use: